Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland in Dutch) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, a constitutional monarchy. It is located in north western Europe and borders the North Sea, Belgium and Germany. The Netherlands is one of the most densely populated and geographically low-lying countries in the world and is famous for its dikes, windmills, and perceived social tolerance. This country is also host to the International Court of Justice and is often - technically incorrectly - referred to by the collective name of its two main provinces: Holland (North and South Holland).

Koninkrijk der Nederlanden

(In Detail) (Full size)
National motto: Je Maintiendrai (French, I will maintain)
Official language	Dutch (+Frisian in Friesland)
Capitals	Amsterdam, The Hague¹
Queen	Beatrix
Prime minister	Jan Peter Balkenende
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 131st 41,526 km² 18.41%
Population  - Total (2002)  - Density	Ranked 59th 16,135,992 321/km²
Independence  - Declared  - Recognised	Eighty Years' War 1579 1648
Currency	Euro², Dutch euro coins
Time zone	UTC+1
National anthem	Het Wilhelmus
Internet TLD	.NL
Calling Code	31
(1) Seat of government (2) Prior to 1999: Guilder

Table of contents 1 History 2 Politics 3 Provinces & Dependencies 4 Geography 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Culture 8 Miscellaneous topics 9 External links

History Main articles: History of the Netherlands, Dutch monarchy

Under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain the region was part of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands, which also includes most of present-day Belgium. After gaining formal independence from Spain in 1648, the Dutch, as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, grew to become one of the major seafaring and economic powers of the 17th century, referred to as the Golden Age in the Netherlands, establishing colonies and trade posts all over the globe.

After being incorporated in the French empire under Napoleon, a Dutch kingdom was formed with present-day Belgium and Luxembourg in 1815. The Belgians soon gained independence however (1830), as did Luxembourg. During the 19th century, the Netherlands were somewhat behind on the neighbouring countries.

After remaining neutral in World War I, the country was occupied by Germany in May 1940, to be fully liberated only in 1945. After the war, the Dutch economy prospered again, being a member of the economic Benelux and European Economic Community unions. The Netherlands also became a member of NATO.

Politics Main article: Politics of the Netherlands

The Netherlands have been a constitutional monarchy since 1815, after it had been a republic from 1581 to 1806 (it was occupied by France between 1806 and 1815).

Head of state, since 1980, is Queen Beatrix of the House of Orange-Nassau. Formally, she appoints the members of the government. In practice, a coalition government is made after the results of the elections are known (a process which might take several months), after which the government formed in this way is officially appointed by the queen.

The parliament consists of two houses. Elections for the 150 members of the Lower House (Tweede Kamer, or Second Chamber) take place every four years, or earlier when the Lower House has taken a no-confidence motion against the government. The less important Senate (Eerste Kamer, or First Chamber) is chosen every four years after the provincial elections by the just chosen members of the provincial parliaments. Together, the First and Second Chamber are known as the Staten Generaal, the States General[?].

Political scientists consider the Netherlands a classic example of a consociational state.

Provinces & Dependencies Main articles: Provinces of the Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba

Map of the Netherlands | Larger size (http://www.wikipedia.com/upload/netherlands_map_large.png)

The Netherlands are divided into 12 administrative regions, called provinces (provincies):

• Groningen - in the northeast
• Friesland - north
• Drenthe - north-east, south of Groningen
• Overijssel - east, south of Drenthe
• Flevoland - central, in the IJsselmeer
• Gelderland - east central, south of Overijssel
• Utrecht - central
• North Holland - (Noord-Holland) north-west
• South Holland - (Zuid-Holland) west central, south of North Holland
• Zeeland - south-west
• North Brabant - (Noord-Brabant) south
• Limburg - south east, stretching into Belgium.

All provinces are divided into municipalities (gemeenten), together 489; see Municipalities in the Netherlands, and also Cities of the Netherlands.

A number of islands in the Caribbean Sea are dependencies of the Netherlands: the Netherlands Antilles (Nederlandse Antillen), a group of five islands, and Aruba, formerly part of the Antilles.

Geography Main article: Geography of the Netherlands

A remarkable aspect of the Netherlands is the flatness of the country. About half the country is less than 1 meter above sea level, and large parts of it are actually below sea level (see map showing these areas (http://www.minbuza.nl/default.asp?CMS_ITEM=MBZ302750)). The highest point, the Vaalserberg, in the southeasternmost point of the country, is 321 m high. Many low areas are protected by dikes and sea walls. Parts of the Netherlands, for example almost all of Flevoland province, have been reclaimed from the sea - these areas are known as polders.

The country is artificially split in two by three rivers Rhine (Rijn), Waal and Meuse (Maas).

The predominant wind direction in the Netherlands is southwest, which causes a moderate maritime climate, with cool summers and mild winters.

Also of interest: National parks (Netherlands), Zuiderzee Works.

Economy Main article: Economy of the Netherlands

The Netherlands have a prosperous and open economy in which the government has successfully reduced its role since the 1980s. Industrial activity is predominantly in food-processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanised agricultural sector employs no more than 4% of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The Dutch rank third worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind the US and France. The Netherlands successfully addressed the issue of public finances and stagnating job growth long before its European partners.

As a founding member of the Euro, the Netherlands replaced its former currency, the guilder, on January 1, 1999 along with the other adopters of the single European currency, with the actual euro coins and banknotes following on January 1 2002.

Demographics Main article: Demographics of the Netherlands

Dutch population pyramid
(in % of total population)

%	Male																						Age	Female																						%
0.36																							85+																							1.05
0.60																							80-84																							1.18
1.14																							75-79																							1.74
1.55																							70-74																							1.95
1.93																							65-69																							2.13
2.30																							60-64																							2.33
2.77																							55-59																							2.69
3.73																							50-54																							3.60
3.65																							45-49																							3.54
3.93																							40-44																							3.81
4.27																							35-39																							4.08
4.25																							30-34																							4.05
3.63																							25-29																							3.54
3.04																							20-24																							2.93
2.96																							15-19																							2.83
3.11																							10-14																							2.97
3.20																							05-09																							3.06
3.11																							00-04																							2.98
Data: International Data Base (http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/ipc/idbpyrs.pl?cty=NL) (2000)

The Netherlands are one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with more than 400 inhabitants per square km.

There are two official languages, Dutch and Frisian. The latter is only spoken in the northern province of Friesland, and it is the language which most resembles English. In addition to Dutch and Frisian, several dialects of Low Saxon are spoken in much of the north; they have no official recognition. At the national borders in the south, the Dutch language shifts into other varieties of Low Franconian speech, which may or may not be best classified as Dutch, most notably West Flemish.

The main religions are Catholicism (18% in 1999) (dioceses (http://62.144.115.184/kerkprovincie/bisdommen/index)) and Protestantism (15%). 63% of the Dutch don't consider themselves to be members of a church. The part of the country south of the three rivers is (or was) generally Catholic, with the northern part Protestant (mostly of the Dutch Reformed Church).

The Dutch are known as a tolerant people. Their image abroad is mainly based on trade, tulips, windmills, wooden shoes[?], cheese and Delftware pottery. More recently the socially libertine Dutch policies on recreational drugs, prostitution, gay marriage and euthanasia have received international attention; Amsterdam is widely perceived abroad as a 'naughty' city. See also Drugs policy of the Netherlands .

Culture Main article: Culture of the Netherlands

Many famous painters originate from the Netherlands. The 17th century, when the Dutch republic was prosperous, produced many great painters such as Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen and many others. Famous Dutch painters of the 19th and 20th century are Vincent van Gogh and Piet Mondriaan. M. C. Escher is a well-known graphics artist. A both famous and infamous Dutch master art forger is Han van Meegeren.

The Netherlands is the country of philosophers Erasmus of Rotterdam and Spinoza, and all of Descartes' major work was done there.

In the Golden Age, Dutch literature flowered as well, with Joost van den Vondel[?], P. C. Hooft[?] as the two most famous names. Important 20th century authors include Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers[?], Simon Vestdijk[?], Cees Nooteboom[?], Gerard van het Reve and Willem Frederik Hermans. The Diary of Anne Frank was also written in the Netherlands.

Also of interest: Sport in the Netherlands.

Holidays

Date	English Name	Local Name	Remarks
January 1	New Year's Day	Nieuwjaar
March/April	Easter	Pasen	The Dutch celebrate two days of Easter.
April 30	Queen's day	Koninginnedag	Originally, Koninginnedag was celebrated on the birthday of the queen, Queen's day is now celebrated on the birthday of the current queen's mother, as this gives better weather.
May 4	Remembrance of the dead	Dodenherdenking	Remembrance of those who died during the Second World War.
May 5	Liberation day	Bevrijdingsdag	Celebration of the 1945 capitulation of German forces in World War II.
40 days after Easter	Ascension Day	Hemelvaartsdag
7 weeks after Easter	Pentecost	Pinksteren	The Dutch celebrate two days of Pentecost.
December 5	Saint Nicholas's Eve	Sinterklaas	A predecessor of Santa Claus, Sinterklaas gives presents to the children.
December 25, December 26	Christmas	Kerstmis	The Dutch celebrate two days of Christmas.

Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Holland Village, Nagasaki, Japan. A similar Holland Village is being built in Shenyang, China.

Miscellaneous topics

• Communications in the Netherlands
• Transportation in the Netherlands
• Education in the Netherlands
• Dutch Football League teams
• Military of the Netherlands
• Foreign relations of the Netherlands
• General Intelligence and Security Office (AIVD)
• Drugs policy of the Netherlands
• Tourism in the Netherlands

External links

• Overheid.nl (www.overheid.nl/info/english) (http://www.overheid.nl/info/english) - official Dutch government site
• province maps showing subdivision in municipalities, link for each municipality to basic data page (http://www.sdu.nl/staatscourant/scdata/gemprovin.htm)
• http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/nl

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